SOLUTIONS 

IN  TEN  LESSONS 
A  TEXT  BOOK  FOR  NURSEI 

ELSIE  M.  SMITH 


SECOND  EDITION 


1/5 


Moshy  Co,  Py3)Jishers 
St.  Le«is 


GIFT  OF 
Mary  M,  Pickering 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


SOLUTIONS 


SOLUTIONS 

IN  TEN  LESSONS 

A  MANUAL  FOR  USE  IN  TRAINING 
SCHOOLS  FOR  NURSES 


BY 
ELSIE  M.  SMITH,  E.N. 

>/ 

Superintendent  of  Nurses,    Fresno   County  Hospital,    Fresno, 

Calif.      Graduate   of   Milwaukee   County   Hospital,    Wau- 

watosa,    Wise.,    1907.      Formerly    Superintendent    of 

Centerville    Hospital,    Centerville,    Iowa  ;    Super- 

intendent   of    Nurses,    Park    Ave.    Hospital, 

Denver,     Colo.  ;     Instructor,     Provident 

Hospital,    Chicago;    Children's    Hos- 

pital,   San    Francisco;    Queen's 

Hospital,      Honolulu,      Ha- 

waii;     Burnett      Sani- 

tarium,   Fresno, 

Calif. 


SECOND  REVISED  EDITION 


ST.  LOUIS 

C.  V.  MOSBY  COMPANY 
1922 


UBRAEY 
D 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

COPYRIGHT,  1919,  1922,  BY  C.  V.  MOSBY  COMPANY 


(Printed   in  U.   S.  A.) 


Press  of 

C.   V.  Mosby  Company 
St.  Louis 


DEDICATED 

TO  MY  PUPILS 

WHEREVER  THEY  MAY  BE 


816072 


PREFACE 


This  little  volume  is  the  result  of 
many  years  of  study,  on  the  part  of  one 
who  found  it  her  duty  to  teach  the  sub- 
ject of  solutions  in  training  schools  for 
nurses  without  a  text  book  to  guide  her. 

The  first  outline  was  arranged  with 
bits  of  suggestion  from  various  sources; 
new  rules  have  been  formulated,  and 
old  rules  revised  and  simplified,  until 
every  possible  phase  of  solutions  for  ex- 
ternal or  internal  use  has  been  antici- 
pated. 

The  author  is  an  advocate  of  the  Met- 
ric System  because  of  its  accuracy  and 
simplicity,  and  firmly  expects  to  see  it 
in  general  use  before  many  years. 

The  author  hereby  acknowledges  as- 
sistance from  Dr.  Blaumgarten,  Amanda 
Beck,  and  Julia  Stimson,  all  of  whom 
have  helped  to  straighten  out  tangled 


10  PREFACE 

ideas  on  the  subject  of  making  solutions. 
It  is  the  sincere  wish  of  the  author 
that  this  little  volume  may  reach  all 
those  who  feel  its  need. 

E.  M.  S. 


PEEFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION 

That  this  little  text  book  has  taken  well 
enough  to  make  a  second  edition  necessary 
in  so  short  a  time,  proves  that  it  was  much 
needed,  and  the  author  appreciates  the  re- 
ception it  has  received. 

The  subject  matter  is  not  altered  in  this 
edition,  except  in  the  order  of  presentation 
in  chapters  III,  IV,  and  V;  the  object  being 
to  precede  the  various  propositions  by  ex- 
planations pertaining  thereto. 

The  author  wishes  to  dedicate  this  edition 
to  her  fellow  instructors,  and  would  gladly 
assist  by  further  teaching  hints  if  such  be 
possible. 

E.  M.  S. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

LESSON  I.— HYPODERMIC  MEDICATION    ....  13 

To  Give  a  Part  of  a  Tablet 13 

When  the  Drug  Is  in  Solution 16 

LESSON  II. — THE  Two  SYSTEMS:  APPROXIMATE 

EQUIVALENTS:    SATURATION     ......  18 

The   Common   System 18 

Apothecaries'   Tables 18 

The   Metric   System 19 

Approximate  Equivalents 22 

Saturation 23 

LESSON   III 25 

To  Point  off  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals     .  25 

What  are  the  "Pure  Drugs V 25 

To  make  Percentage  Solutions  from  a  "Pure 

Drug" 25 

LESSON  IV 29 

To  Point  off  in  Division  of  Decimals     ...  29 

To  Find  the  Eatio 29 

Key  to  Dilutions 30 

What  is  a  Stock  Solution? 30 

To  Make  Percentage  Solutions  from  a  Stock 
Solution,  When  the  Ratio  is  a  Whole  Num- 
ber    31 

LESSON  V 33 

To  Make  Percentage  Solutions  from  a  Stock 

Solution  When  the  Ratio  Is  Fractional     .     .  34 

11 


12  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

LESSON  VI 38 

To  Calculate  Percentage  of  a  Solution  When 

Made  from  a  Pure  Drug 38 

When  Made  from  Stock  Solution 39 

What  Does  Per  Cent  Mean? 39 

What  Does  Proportion  Mean? 40 

LESSON  VII 42 

To    Make    Dilutions    from    a    Stock    Solution 

When  Expressed  in  Proportion 42 

LESSON  VIII 45 

Percentage  Solution  to  Give  Grains     ....  45 

LESSON   IX 49 

To  Give  a  Fraction  of  a  Drop 49 

LESSON  X. — MISCELLANEOUS  PROBLEMS     ...  51 


SOLUTIONS 


LESSON  I 

HYPODEKMIC  MEDICATION 

(Fractional  Dosage) 

Proposition  1. — To  Give  a  Part  of  a 
Tablet 

Rule. — Put  what  you  have  over  what 
you  ivant  to  give. 

Seduce  to  lower  terms  if  necessary. 

The  fraction  thus  obtained,  tells  what 
part  of  your  original  tablet  you  are  to 
give. 

Do  not  use  less  than  eight  (8)  drops 
of  water  in  which  to  dissolve  the  tablet. 

Dissolve  in  number  of  drops  indi- 
cated by  the  denominator. 

Give  number  of  drops  indicated  by 
the  numerator. 

13 


14  SOLUTIONS 

Example  1.  —  Given  tablets  Morphine 
gr.  %,  to  give  gr.  %. 

8  (what  you  have) 

9  (what  you  want  to  give) 

Dissolve  in  9  drops  of  water,  and  give  8 
drops.  You  are  thus  giving  %  of  the 
whole  tablet. 

Example    2.  —  Given    Strychnine    gr. 
Mo,  to  give  gr.  %0. 

30  (what  you  have) 

40  (what  you  want  to  give) 

8%o  equals  %.  Since  it  is  not  reasonable 
to  dissolve  a  tablet  in  only  4  drops  of 
water,  we  multiply  each  term  of  the  frac- 
tion by  the  same  number,  which  does 
not  alter  the  value  of  the  fraction. 
Thus: 


Dissolve  in  12  drops  and  give  9. 


SOLUTIONS  15 

Example  3.— Given  Atropine  gr.  %oo, 
to  give  gr.  %5o- 

200  (what  you  have) 

150  (what  you  want  to  give) 

20%5o  equals  2%s  equals  1-%  which  tells 
us  that  it  will  take  more  than  one  tablet. 

Hence,  %oo  equals  Koo  then 
100/i5o  equals  10/i5 

Dissolve  2  tablets  in  15  drops  of 
water  and  give  10  drops. 

4. — Given  Strychnine  gr.  %o,  to  give 

gr.  y75. 

5. — Given  Pilocarpine  gr.  %,  to  give 
gr.  Vs. 

6. — Given  Morphine  gr.  %,  to  give  gr. 

%* 

7. — Given  Nitroglycerine  gr.  %5,  to 
give  gr.  %oo. 

8. — Given  Atropine  gr.  K5o,  to  give 
gr.  Koo. 

9. — Given  Digitalin  gr.  Koo,  to  give 
gr.  %o. 


16  SOLUTIONS 

10. — Given  Strychnine  gr.  %2,  to  give 
gr.  Ho- 

11. — Given  Heroin  gr.  %4,  to  give  gr. 
Vic. 

Proposition  2. — When  the  Drug  is  in  a 
Solution 

Rule. — Form  a  fraction  as  before,  and 
reduce  to  convenient  terms. 

Example  1. — Given  a  solution  of 
Strychnine  in  which  10  drops  equals  gr. 
Ho,  to  give  gr.  %0. 

3%o  equals  %  which  tells  us  that  we 
are  to  use  %  of  10  drops. 

Since  10  is  not  evenly  divisible  by  4, 
we  take  ten  drops  and  add  to  ft  2  drops 
of  water,  thus  giving  us, 

12  drops  equal  gr.  Ho  then 
%  of  12  equal  3  and 
%  of  12  equal  9  drops,  therefore 
9  drops  contain  gr.  %o. 

Example  2.— If  gtt.  x  equal  gr.  Ho, 
how  would  you  prepare  to  give  gr. 


SOLUTIONS  17 

Example  3. — Given  solution  in  which 
gtt.  x  equal  gr.  %,  to  give  gr.  %. 

%  of  10  equal  4  drops. 


LESSON  II 

THE    TWO    SYSTEMS:      APPBOX- 

IMATE  EQUIVALENTS: 

SATUEATION 

The  Common  System 

By  the  Common  System  we  mean  the 
system  of  weights  and  measures  in  com- 
mon use  in  the  United  States.  For  the 
purpose  of  solutions  we  use  the  tables 
used  by  druggists. 

APOTHECARIES'  TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS 
20  grains  (gr.)  make  one  scruple  (®). 

3  scruples  make  one  dram  (3). 

8  drams  make  one  ounce  (§). 
12  ounces  make  one  pound  (lb.). 

APOTHECARIES'  TABLE  OF  MEASURE  OR 

CAPACITY 

60  drops  (gtt.)  make  one  fluidram  (f3). 
8  fluidrams  make  one  fluidounce 

18 


SOLUTIONS  19 

16  fluidounces  make  one  pint  (0). 
32  fluidounces  make  one  quart  (Oij). 
4  quarts  make  one  gallon  (C). 
From   the   tables   it   can   readily   be 
seen  that  in  the   common  system  the 
unit  of  weight  is  1  grain;  and  the  unit 
of  measure  is  1  drop.     In  calculating 
new  solutions  or  making  dilutions,  the 
chemical  and  solution  must  always  be 
expressed  in  "similar  terms" — similar 
in  system  as  well  as  measure.     Drams 
and  ounces  in  weight  can  be  used  with 
drams  and  ounces  in  measure,  but  diffi- 
culties are  apt  to  arise,  and  the  author 
does  not  advise  it. 

Unit  of  Weight — 1  Grain. 
Unit  of  Measure — 1  Drop. 

The  Metric  System 

The  Metric  System  is  a  decimal  sys- 
tem throughout,  and  very  much  simpler 
than  the  Common.  It  can  readily  be 
transposed  if  desired,  after  the  required 
quantity  has  been  computed.  All  lab- 


20  SOLUTIONS 

oratories  and  scientific  institutions  in 
the  United  States  are  now  using  the 
Metric  System  because  of  its  accuracy 
and  simplicity. 

Unit  of  Length — 1  meter  (m.),  39.37 
inches. 

Unit  of  Weight — 1  gram  (gm.),  15.4 
grains. 

Unit  of  Measure — 1  cubic  centimeter, 
(c.c.),  15.4  drops. 

In  the  Common  System  the  terms  are 
written  first  and  followed  by  quantity 
in  Eoman  numerals,  e.g.,  gtt.  xv. 

In  the  Metric  System  the  terms  are 
preceded  by  the  quantity  written  in 
Arabic  numerals,  e.g.,  5  gm. 

One  Cubic  Centimeter  of  distilled 
water  at  4  degrees  centigrade  weighs 
one  gram, — hence  we  can  say,  that  in 
substances  having  approximately  the 
same  density  as  water,  one  centimeter 
and  one  gram  are  the  same.  In  solid  or 
viscid  substances,  it  is  not  true,  because 
of  their  greater  density. 


SOLUTIONS  21 

TO  BEAD— 
1000         gm.,  (Weight  of  1000  c.c.  of 

water)  one  kilogram. 
1         gm.,  One  gram. 
.1      gm.,  (One-tenth    of    a    gram) 

one  decigram. 
.01    gm.,  (One  one-hundredth  of  a 

gram)  one  centigram. 
.001  gm.,  (One    one-thousandth    of 

a  gram)  one  milligram. 
1000         c.c.,  (Measure  of  1000  gm.  of 

water)  one  liter. 
1         c.c.,  (One  one-thousandth  of  a 

liter)  one  milliliter. 
.1      c.c.,  (One-tenth  of  a  cubic  cen- 
timeter) . 

In  actual  practice,  we  seldom  use 
terms  other  than  the  cubic  centimeter 
to  designate  measure. 

The  minim  belongs  to  the  Metric  Sys- 
tem, and  is  the  approximate  equivalent 
of  one  drop. 


22 

Approximate  Equivalents  in  the  two 
Systems : 

Common  Metric 

1  drop  (gtt.i)  equals         1  minim. 


15  drops  (gtt.xv) 
1  fluidram  (fSi) 
1  fluidounce  (f^i 
1  pint  (Oi) 
1  quart  (Oii) 
1  grain  (gr.i) 


1  c.c. 

4  c.e. 

30  c.c. 

500  c.c. 

1000  c.c. 


.065  gm. 


( Sixty-five    milligrams  ) 
15  grains  (gr.xv)      equals          1  gm. 
1  dram  weight  "  4  gm. 

1  ounce  weight  "  30  gm. 

(NOTE:  If  one  cubic  centimeter  of 
water  weighs  one  gram,  is  there  any  rea- 
son why  30  c.c.  of  water  should  not 
weigh  30  grams?  Or  500  c.c.  weigh  500 
grams?) 

Give  oral  practice  in  transposing  from 
one  System  to  the  other. 

Oral 

Give  metric  equivalents — 
15  drops  15  grains 

4  fluidrams  1  grain 

1  fluidounce  1  dram  wgt. 

30  drops  1  pound 


SOLUTION'S  23 

3  fluidounces  ^  grain 

15  drops  30  grains 

16  ounces  60  grains 
6  fluidrams  45  drops 

8  fluidounces  6  ounces  wgt. 

45  grains 

Eeduce  to  "simpler  terms:" 

1.  3  pints  to  drams. 

2.  4  quarts  to  cubic  centimeters. 

3.  2  ounces  to  drops. 

4.  3  drams  weight  to  grains. 

5.  20  fluid  ounces  to  cubic  centime- 
ters. 

6.  3  cubic  centimeters  to  drops. 

7.  iy2  pints  to  drams. 

8.  2  quarts  to  ounces;  to  drams;  to  cu- 
bic centimeters. 

9.  30    grams    to    grains;    to    drams 
(weight). 

10.  8  fluidounces  to  cubic  centimeters. 

Saturation 

A  solution  is  said  to   be  saturated, 
when  no  more  of  the  substance  in  ques- 


24  SOLUTIONS 

tion  can  be  dissolved,  and  remain  in  so- 
lution when  cold. 

SATURATED  STRENGTHS 

Boric  Solution  .04 

Carbolic  Solution  .07 

Tr.  Iodine  .07 

Spirits  of  Camphor  .10 

Camphor  Water  .008 

Salt  (Stock  Sol.)  .20 

Formalin  .40 

Bichloride  of  Mercury  1-16  (.0625) 

Potassium  Permanganate  1-16  (.0625) 

Potassium  Iodide  (K.  I.)  100% 

Normal  Salt  Solution  is  .0085  per  cent, 
and  hence  requires  8.5  grams  of  salt  to 
each  1000  c.c.  of  solution. 

(Give  oral  practice  in  transposing 
from  one  system  to  the  other;  also  in  re- 
ducing large  terms  of  the  common  sys- 
tem to  simpler  terms.) 


LESSON  III 

To  Point  Off  in  Multiplication  of 

Decimals 

Rule. — Point  off  as  many  places  in  the 
product  as  there  are  decimal  places  in 
both  terms  of  the  problem. 

What  Are  the  "Pure  Drugs"? 

Anything  in  a  powder  or  crystal  (un- 
adulterated), hence  100%.  Lysol,  Car- 
bolic, Cresol  or  Creolin,  and  Alcohol  are 
considered  as  100%. 

Proposition  3. — To  Make  Percentage  So- 
lutions From  a  Pure  Drug 

Rule — Multiply  the  quantity  required 
by  the  percentage  desired,  and  the  prod- 
uct will  be  the  amount  of  "pure  drug" 
to  be  taken. 

The  "quantity  required"  should  al- 
ways be  expressed  in  simple  terms. 

25 


26  SOLUTIONS 

One  quart  may  be  expressed  as  1000 
c.c.  or  it  may  be  reduced  to  ounces, 
drams,  or  drops.  Whatever  terms  the 
quantity  is  expressed  in,  so  the  answer 
will  be,  and  it  is  more  comprehensible 
to  say  12  drams  than  to  say  1.5  ounces. 

Example  1.— Make  1  qt.  of  5%  Car- 
bolic solution. 

1  qt.  equals  32  oz.  equals  256  drams. 
256  drams 
.05 


12.80  drams  of  pure  carbolic  plus  wa- 
ter enough  to  make  1  quart,  makes  1 
quart  of  5%  solution. 

Or,    1000  c.c. 
.05 

50.00  c.c.  of  pure  carbolic,  plus 
water  enough  to  make  1  quart,  makes  1 
quart  of  5%  solution. 

Example  2.— Make  20  oz.  of  2%  Lysol 
solution. 

20  oz.  equals    160  drams 
.02 

3.20  drams  of  ly- 


27 

sol,  plus  water  enough  to  make  20 
ounces,  makes  20  ounces  of  2%  solution. 
Or,  20  oz.  equals  600  c.c. 

600  c.c. 

.02 

12.00  c.c.  of  pure  lysol,  plus  water 
enough  to  make  600  c.c.,  makes  600  c.c. 
of  2%  solution. 

Example  3. — Make  2%  quarts  of  %  of 
\%  Silver  Nitrate  solution. 

2l/2  qt.  equals  80  oz.  equals  640  drams. 
640  drams 
.005 

3.200  drams,  weight,  equal  192  grains. 
Or, 

2500  c.c. 
.005 

12.500  grams  by  weight  of  Silver  Ni- 
trate in  2l/2  quarts  of  water,  will  make 
2y2  quarts  of  .005  solution. 

Why  grams?  Because  one  gram  is 
the  unit  of  weight  in  the  metric  system, 


28  SOLUTIONS 

and  when  considering  a  solid  substance 
it  must  be  weighed. 

(Compare  192  grains  and  12.5  grams). 

4. — Normal  Salt  Solution  being  .0085 
(%),  how  much  salt  will  it  take  to  make 
5  quarts? 

(Work  in  metric  and  reduce  to 
grains.) 

5. — How  much  Milk  Sugar  will  it  take 
to  make  12  ounces  of  2%  solution? 

6. — How  many  drams  of  Potassium 
Permanganate  will  it  take  to  make  3 
pints  of  a  Saturated  Solution? 

7. — How  much   Oxalic   Acid   will   it 
take  to  make  2  quarts  of  a  2%  solution? 
(Express  in  gm.,  gr.,  and  drams.) 

8.— Tell  how  to  make  500  c.c.  of  2V2% 
Creolin. 

9. — Make  8  ounces  of  Saturated  Boric. 

10. — Tell  how  to  make  3  ounces  of  Tr. 
Iodine. 

(What  is  a  tincture?) 


LESSON  IV 

To  Point  Off  in  Division  of  Decimals 

Rule. — 1st.     There  must  be  as  many 

decimal  places  in  the  dividend  as  there 

are  in  the  divisor.    If  necessary,  supply 

the  required  number  by  adding  cyphers. 

2nd.  Point  off  as  many  places  in  the 
quotient  as  those  in  the  dividend  exceed 
those  in  the  divisor. 

To  Find  the  Ratio 

Rule. — Divide  the  larger  number  by 
the  smaller. 

If  the  strength  of  the  solutions  in 
question  is  expressed  in  proportion,  use 
only  the  second  numbers,  e.g., — Find  the 
ratio  between  1-20  and  1-500. 

20)500 

25    equals  the  ratio,  i.e.,  1-2Q  is  25 
times  as  strong  as  1-500. 


30  SOLUTIONS 

If  the  strength  of  the  solution  in  ques- 
tion is  expressed  in  percentage,  the 
process  is  the  same,  careful  attention  be- 
ing given  to  the  rule  for  pointing  off  in 
division  of  decimals,  e.g.,  Find  the  ratio 
between  .05  and  .005. 

.005). 05  0 

10.     equals  the  ratio,  i.e.,  .05  is 
10  times  as  strong  as  .005. 

Key  to  Dilutions 

Rule. — Multiplying  the  quantity,  di- 
vides the  strength  in  the  same  ratio. 
E.g.,  Take  1  oz.  of  4%  Boric  Solution, 
and  add  to  it  1  oz.  of  water.  You  will 
then  have  2  oz.  of  2%  solution.  The 
quantity  has  been  multiplied  by  two,  and 
the  strength  has  been  divided  by  two. 

What  is  a  Stock  Solution? 

Any  preparation  in  high  percentage 
or  saturate  strength,  kept  on  hand  for 
convenience ;  or  any  strength  above  that 
desired  for  use,  such  as  5%  Carbolic, 


SOLUTIONS  31 

1-500  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  40%  Argy- 
rol,  25%  Silver  Nitrate,  1-1000  Adren- 
alin. 

Proposition    4. — To    Make    Percentage 

Solutions    From   a    Stock    Solution, 
When  the  Ratio  Is  a  Whole 
Number 

Rule. — When  the  ratio  is  a  whole  num- 
ber, divide  the  quantity  required  by  the 
ratio.  The  quotient  is  the  number  of 
measures  of  Stock  Solution  to  be  taken. 

NOTE  :  If  a  very  small  quantity  is  re- 
quired, reduce  to  drops  before  dividing. 

Example  1. — From  25%  Argyrol  make 
1  oz.  of  5%. 

Common  System — 

25  divided  by  5  equals  5  (ratio). 
1  oz.  equals  8  drams. 
8  drams  equals  480  drops. 
480  divided  by  5  (ratio)  equals  96  gtt. 
Take  96  drops  of  25%  and  add  to  it 
sterile  water  enough  to  make  1  ounce. 


32  SOLUTIONS 

Or 

Metric  System — 30  c.c.  divided  by  5 
(ratio)  equals  6  c.c.  Take  6  c.c.  of  25%, 
and  add  to  it  sterile  water  enough  to 
make  30  c.c.,  or  one  ounce. 

(Compare  96  drops  and  6  c.c.) 

Example  2.— Given  20%  Silver  Ni- 
trate solution  to  make  4  drams  of.  2%. 

Common  System — 

20  divided  by  2  equals  10  (ratio). 
4  drams  equal  240  gtt. 

240  divided  by  10  (ratio)  equals  24 
gtt. 

Take  24  gtt.  of  20%  solution  and  add 
to  it  water  enough  to  make  4  drams. 

Metric  System — 
4  drams  equal  16  c.c. 

16  c.c.  divided  by  10  (ratio)  equal  1.6 
c.c. 

Take  1.6  c.c.  (which  is  24  drops)  of 
20%  solution  and  add  to  it  water  enough 
to  make  16  c.c. 


SOLUTIONS  33 

Example  3.— Prepare  1  quart  of  .005 
Formalin  solution  for  preserving  a  speci- 
men. 

(Formalin  is  40%.) 
40  divided  by  %  is  80  (ratio). 
1  quart  equals  1000  c.c. 

1000  divided  by  80  equals  12.5  c.c. 

Take  12.5  c.c.  of  Formalin  and  add  to 
it  water  enough  to  make  1000  c.c.,  or  one 
quart. 

4. — Given  5%  Carbolic  solution,  make 
2  qt.  of  .005. 

5. — From  10%  Silver  Nitrate  solution 
make  enough  1%  for  a  baby's  eyes. 

6. — Having  15%  Argyrol,  make  2 
drams  of  5%. 

7.— Given  Lysol  5%,  make  2  qt.  of  .025. 

8. — From  Tr.  Iodine,  make  2  oz.  of 
.035. 


LESSON  V 

Proposition  5.— To  Make  Percentage  So- 
lutions From  a  Stock  Solution  When 
the  Ratio  is  Fractional 

Rule. — Divide  the  quantity  required 
by  the  strength  you  have,  then  multiply 
the  quotient  by  the  strength  desired. 
The  result  represents  the  number  of 
measures  of  stock  solution  to  be  taken. 

Example  1. — Given  10  %  Glucose  so- 
lution to  make  2  oz.  of  4%. 

2  oz.  equals  60  c.c.  (the  quantity  re- 
quired). 

60  c.c.  divided  by  10  (the  strength  de- 
sired). 

.10)60.00(600  then  600  x. 04  equals 
24.00  c.c. 

Take  24  c.c.  of  10%  Glucose,  plus  wa- 
ter or  salt  solution,  enough  to  make  60 
c.c. 

NOTE. — The  Stock  Solutions  are  only 
a  fractional  part  as  strong  as  the  "pure 

34 


SOLUTIONS  35 

drug,"  hence  the  necessity  of  multiply- 
ing by  the  strength  desired.  In  this 
case  it  is  %oo  as  strong,  consequently 
take  %oo  times  as  much. 

Example  2.— From  Tr.  Iodine  make  5 
ounces  of  3%. 

5  oz.  equals  40  drams 
40  divided  by  .07 

.07)40.00(571.  then  571  multiplied  by 

35  .03  equals  17.13  drams. 

50  Take  17  drams  of  Tr. 

49  Iodine,     plus     alcohol 

~^[Q"          enough     to     make    40 

7  drams. 

T 

Or, 

5  oz.  equals  150  c.c. 

150  divided  by  7%  equals 

.07)150.00(2143.  then  2143  multiplied 

14  by   .03   equals   64.29 

10  c.c.     Take  64  c.c.  of 

7  Tr.  Iodine,  plus  alco- 

— gQ  hoi  enough  to  make 

28  150  c.c. 


36  SOLUTIONS 

Example     3.— From     95%     Alcohol, 
make  1  pint  of  70%. 

500  c.c.  divided  by  95%  equals 
.95)500.00(526. 
475 
250 
190 
600 
570 

then  526  multiplied  by  70%  equals 
526 

.70 

368.60  c.c. 

Take  368  c.c.  of  Alcohol  and  add  water 
enough  to  make  500  c.c. 

4. — From  15%  Argyrol,  make  2  drams 
of  2%. 

5. — Given  30%  Silver  Nitrate  solution, 
make  3  oz.  of  £%. 

6. — From  Formalin,  make  100  c.c.  of 
25%. 

7. — Having  Carbolic  solution  5%,  pre- 
pare 2  qt.  of  2%. 


SOLUTIONS  37 

8. — From  Cocain  solution  10%,  make 
1  dram  of  4%. 

9. — Given  Argyrol  25%,  make  1  oz.  of 
10%. 

10. — Having  Silver  Nitrate  solution, 
40%,  make  8  oz.  of 


LESSON  VI 

Proposition  6— To  Calculate  Percentage 
of  a  Solution 

(a)  When  made  from  a  "pure  drug." 

(b)  When  made  from  a  stock  solu- 
tion. 

(a)  When  made  from  a  "pure  drug." 
— Divide  ike  amount  of  chemical  taken, 
by  the  amount  of  solution  made.  The 
quotient  is  the  percentage. 

Example  1.— 10%  drams  of  pure  Lysol 
in  2  qt.  of  water,  make  what  percent- 
age? 

2  qt.  equal  64  oz.  equal  512  drams. 

512)10.50(.02 
1024 


Ten  and  one-half  drams  of  Lysol  in  2 
quarts  of  solution  makes  approximately 
2%. 

38 


SOLUTIONS  39 

(6)  When  made  from  a  stock  solu- 
tion.— Proceed  as  in  (a),  then  multiply 
the  quotient  by  the  percentage  of  the 
stock  solution. 

Example  2.— If  10%  drains  of  .05  Car- 
bolic solution  be  added  to  water  enough 
to  make  2  qts.,  what  percentage  would  it 
be? 

Dividing  as  before,  we  would  get  2%. 

Then    .02 
.05 

.001  the  strength  of  the  new  so- 
lution, because  what  we  started  with 
was  only  %0o   as   strong  as   a  "pure 
drug." 
What  Does  Per  Cent  Mean? 

Per  cent  always  refers  to  100.  Just 
as  .06  (6  per  cent)  interest  on  money 
means  that  some  one  pays  6  cents  on 
each  dollar,  or  one  hundred  cents,  so 
does  6%  solution  mean  that  in  each  100 
drops  of  solution,  there  are  6  drops  of  a 
liquid  chemical. 


40  SOLUTIONS 

If  the  chemical  happens  to  be  a  pow- 
der or  crystal,  which  has  to  be  weighed 
rather  than  measured,  then  it  is  6  grains 
of  chemical  in  each  100  drops  of  solu- 
tion. 

Since  the  drop  is  the  unit  of  measure 
and  the  grain  the  unit  of  weight,  they 
are  complementary  terms  in  the  Com- 
mon System. 

In  speaking  of  percentage  in  terms  of 
the  Metric  System,  we  use  the  unit  of 
measure,  which  is  the  c.c.,  and  the  unit 
of  weight,  which  is  the  gram,  and  then 
say — 6%  means  6  c.c.  of  liquid  chemical 
in  each  100  c.c.  of  solution,  or  6  grams  of 
dry  chemical  (powder  or  crystal)  in 
each  100  c.c.  of  solution. 

What  Does  Proportion  Mean? 

Our  percentages  could  all  be  written 
as  proportion,  and  still  mean  the  same 
thing:  e.g.,  since  5%  means,  in  terms  of 
the  Common  System,  5  drops  of  a  liquid 
chemical  in  100  drops  of  solution,  we 


SOLUTIONS  41 

can  write  it  5-100.  As  any  proportion, 
it  may  be  reduced  to  simpler  form  with- 
out changing  the  value. 

Thus,  5)5-100 
1-20 

Applying  our  rule  as  given  in  Propo- 
sition 6,  we  can  divide  1  by  20  and  get 
again  our  5%. 

In  terms  of  the  Metric  System  5-100 
means  5  grams  of  a  dry  substance,  or  5 
c.c.  of  a  liquid  substance  in  each  100  c.c. 
of  solution. 

Oral  Problems. — 

1.  Give  meaning  of  the  following  pro- 
portions first  in  terms  of  the  Common 
System,  then  in  terms  of  the  Metric  Sys- 
tem, using  both  liquid  and  dry  chemical. 

1-100:  1-1000:  1-16:  1-40:  1-4000: 
1-200:  1-500:  1-2500:  1-10,000:  1-5. 

2.  Simplify    the    following    proposi- 
tions : 

20-500:  40-1200:  6-1800:  25-400. 

3.  Transfer    the    above    proportions 
into  percentage. 


LESSON  VII 

Proposition  7. — To  Make  Dilutions  from 

a  Stock  Solution  When  Expressed 

in  Proportion 

Rule. — Divide  the  amount  required  by 
the  ratio.  The  quotient  will  be  the 
amount  of  stock  solution  to  be  taken. 

Example    1.— Given   1-32   Bichloride 
solution  to  make  2  quarts  of  1-8000. 
Find  the  ratio  thus: 

32)8000(250 
64 
160 
160 

Then,  250)2000  c.c.(8  c.c. 
2000 

Take  8  c.c.  of  1-32  solution  and  add 
to  it  water  enough  to  make  2000  c.c. 

42 


SOLUTIONS  43 

Example  2.— Given  1-8  Silver  Nitrate 
solution  to  make  3  pints  of  1-4000. 

Find  the  ratio  thus : 
8)4000(500 
40 

00 

Then  500)1500  c.c.(3  c.c. 
1500 

Take  3  c.c.  of  1-8  solution  and  add  to 
it  water  enough  to  make  1500  c.c. 

3. — Given  1-16  Potassium  Permanga- 
nate solution  to  make  500  c.c.  of  1-8000. 

4. — From    Bichloride    solution    1-500 
make  3  qt.  of  1-6000. 

5. — From  a  4%  Silver  Nitrate  solu- 
tion prepare  1  qt.  of  1-1000. 

6. — From  Adrenalin  1-1000  make   1 
c.c.  of  1-3000. 

7. — From  Formalin  prepare  2  qt.  of 
1-1000. 

8. — From  Silver  Nitrate  solution 
make  1%  qt.  of  1-300. 


44  SOLUTIONS 

9. — From  a  1-20  solution  of  Carbolic, 
make  2500  c.c.  of  .005  (%  of  1%). 

10.— From  Bichloride  1-500  make  8 
oz.  of  1-3000. 


LESSON  VIII 

Proposition  8 — Percentage  Solutions  to 
Give  Grains 

NOTE: 

\%  means  1  grain  in  100  drops,  1-100. 

5%  means  5  grains  in  100  drops,  5-100. 

20%  means  20  grains  in  100  drops, 
20-100. 

50%  means  50  grains  in  100  drops, 
50-100. 

Since  both  terms  of  a  proportion  can 
be  either  multiplied  or  divided  by  the 
same  number,  and  the  value  of  the  frac- 
tion is  not  changed — 

We  can  simplify  the  above  propor- 
tions thus: 

5-100  equals  1-20 
20-100  equals  1-5 
50-100  equals  1-2 

45 


46  SOLUTIONS 

Hence,  in  a  1-20  solution  there  is  1 
grain  of  the  chemical  in  each  20  drops: 
or  1  gram  of  the  chemical  in  each  20  c.c. 

Rule. — Write  percentage  as  a  propor- 
tion and  simplify: 

Compute  the  number  of  drops  neces- 
sary to  give  the  dose  ordered. 

Example  1. — Given  a  solution  of  Cam- 
phor in  oil  20%,  to  give  5  grains. 

Since  20-100  equals  1-5,  each  5  drops 
contain  1  grain.    Multiplying  both  terms 
of  the  proportion  by  same  number  we 
have, 
1-5 
5 

5-25.  In  each  25  drops  there  will  be  5 
grains. 

Example  2.— Given  a  10%  solution  of 
Ammonium  Chloride,  to  give  3  grains. 

Since  10-100  equals  1-10,  there  is  1 
grain  in  each  10  drops,  or  1  gram  in  each 
10  c.c. 


SOLUTIONS  47 

Multiplying  both  terms  of  the  propor- 
tion by  the  same  number,  we  have 

1-10 
3 

3-30.  In  each  30  drops  there  are  3  gr. 
of  Ammonium  Chloride. 

3. — From  a  40%  solution  of  Sodium 
Bromide  give  10  grains. 

20)40-100 
2)2-5 


1-2.5 

Hence  in  each  2%  drops  there  is  1 
grain  of  the  chemical. 

Multiplying  both  terms  of  the  propor- 
tion by  the  same  number, 

1-  2.5 
10^ 

10-25.0.  In  each  25  drops  of  solution 
there  are  10  grains  of  Sodium  Bromide. 

4. — From  Tincture  Camphor  10%, 
give  2  grains. 

5. — Given  a  5%  solution  of  Potassium 


48  SOLUTIONS 

Permanganate,  how  would  you  prepare 
a  dose  of  4  grains? 

6. — Potassium  Iodide  being  saturated 
at  100  per  cent,  how  many  drops  would 
it  take  of  such  a  solution  to  make  40 
grains  ?  * 

7. — From  a  2Q%  solution  of  Silver  Ni- 
trate, prepare  a  3  oz.  gargle  containing 
3  grains. 

8. — From  a  10%  solution  of  Sodium 
Bromide  prepare  to  give  30  grains. 


LESSON  IX 

Proposition  9 — To  Give  a  Fraction  of  a 
Drop 

Beview  Key  to  Dilutions 
(See  Lesson  IV) 

Rule. — To  one  drop  of  the  solution, 
add  X  drops  of  water  to  equal  the  de- 
nominator of  your  desired  fraction,  then 
use  one  drop  of  the  new  solution. 

Example  1. — To  give  %  of  a  drop. 

To  one  drop  of  the  solution,  add  2 
drops  of  water:  by  so  doing  you  have 
multiplied  your  quantity  by  three; 
hence  each  drop  of  the  new  solution 
now  contains  %  of  the  original  chemical, 
and  by  giving  1  drop  of  the  new  solu- 
tion, you  are  giving  %  of  the  original 
drop. 

49 


50  SOLUTIONS 

Example  2.— If  gtt.  1  equals  gr.  1 
how  would  you  give  gr.  %  ? 

Take  1  drop  of  the  solution,  and  add 
to  it  3  drops  of  water.  Then,  4  drops 
contain  gr.  1. 

Give  1  drop  of  the  new  solution. 

Example  3. — From  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  KI  prepare  for  an  infant  H  gr. 

KI  is  saturated  at  100%  which  means 
100  grains  in  100  drops,  hence,  1  grain 
in  each  drop. 

Take  1  drop  of  the  solution,  add  3 
drops  of  water,  and  give  1  drop  of  the 
new  solution. 

4. — From  Tincture  Digitalis  40%  give 
%  of  a  drop. 

5. — From  any  50%  solution,  prepare 
%  grain  dose. 

6. — Given  a  100%  solution,  prepare  a 
dose  of  %  grain. 


LESSON  X 

MISCELLANEOUS  PEOBLEMS 

1. — Make  16  ounces  of  3%  soda  solu- 
tion. (Give  answer  in  grains.) 

2. — What  percentage  will  you  get  by 
adding  1  ounce  of  20%  Silver  Nitrate  so- 
lution to  enough  water  to  make  1  quart  ? 

3. — From  two  Bichloride  tablets,  each 
containing  7%  grains,  make  some  1-1000 
solution.  How  much  water  will  be  re- 
quired ? 

4. — From  20%  Argyrol  solution  make 
two  drams  of  3%. 

5. — From  a  solution  of  Sodium  Bro- 
mide 40%  give  30  grains. 

6. — What  percentage  is  1-500? 

7. — From  stock  solution  of  Potas- 
sium Permanganate  1-16  make  2%  qt.  of 
1-8000. 

51 


52  SOLUTIONS 

8. — From  20%  Silver  Nitrate  solution 
make  2  qt.  of  1-2000. 

9. — From  one  tablet  containing  one- 
half  gram,  prepare  some  1-1000  solution. 
How  much  water  is  required! 

10. — From  two  Bichloride  tablets 
each  containing  7%  grains,  make  some 
1-4000.  How  much  water  is  required? 

11. — From  a  Bichloride  tablet  con- 
taining 60  grains,  make  1-2000  solution. 
How  much  water  is  required? 

12. — How  much  Oxalic  Acid  will  it 
take  to  make  3  pints  of  a  1-50  solution? 

(Give  answer  in  three  ways — grams, 
grains,  drams.) 

13.— Make  4  quarts  of  %  of  1%  Cre- 
olin  solution. 

14. — Given  a  Bichloride  tablet  con- 
taining 15  grains,  how  much  water 
would  be  required  to  make  1-10000? 

15. — Given  tablets  of  Digitalin  gr.  %0, 
how  would  you  give  gr. 


SOLUTIONS  53 


16.  —  Given  tablets  gr.  %5,  to  give  gr. 
Mot 

17.  —  From  tablets  gr.  %o  give  gr.  %o- 

18.  —  From  Carbolic  solution  5%  make 
3  quarts  of  2%. 

19.  —  How  much  Boric  powder  would 
be  required  to  make  3  quarts  of  3%  so- 
lution f 

20.  —  From  Tr.  Iodine,  make  2  ounces 
of  2%. 

21.  —  From  a  50%  solution  of  Potas- 
sium Bromide  give  20  grains. 

22.  —  How  many  7%  grain  tablets  will 
it  take  to  make  2%  quarts  of  1-1000  solu- 
tion? 

23.  —  How  much  Formalin  will  be  re- 
quired to  make  4  quarts  of  a  %  of  1% 
solution  ? 

24.—  Make  2  quarts  of  1-4000  Bichlo- 
ride from  a  1-32. 

25.  —  Tell  how  to  make  2  ounces  of  2% 
Silver  Nitrate  solution  from  15%. 

26.  —  Given  25%  Argyrol,  tell  how  to 
make  about  an  ounce  of  2V2%. 


54  SOLUTIONS 

27. — Given  .05  solution  to  make  1 
quart  of  .005. 

28. — If  10  drops  equal  gr.  %o,  how 
would  you  give  gr.  %5o? 

29. — Given  a  solution  in  which  10 
drops  equal  gr.  %,  to  give  gr.  %. 

30. — What  percentage  solution  would 
you  get  by  dissolving  30  grains  of  Ox- 
alic Acid  crystals  in  1  quart  of  water? 

31. — What  percentage  would  you  get 
by  adding  20  drams  of  Lysol  to  water 
enough  to  make  2  quarts. 

32. — What  percentage  solution  would 
you  get  by  adding  52  drams  of  5%  Car- 
bolic to  water  enough  to  make  2  quarts? 

33. — From  Formalin  make  2  quarts  of 
1%  solution. 

34. — From  tablets  of  Digitalin  gr.  Ko 
give  gr.  %o. 

35. — From  80%  Sodium  Bromide  so- 
lution, give  12  grains. 

36. — If  5  drams  of  Oxalic  Acid  crys- 
tals are  used  to  make  4  quarts  of  solu- 
tion, what  percentage  will  it  be? 


SOLUTIONS  55 


37.—  Make  60  c.c.  of  Olive  Oil 
Carbolic. 

38.  —  Make  3  ounces  of  Alcohol  5% 
Menthol. 

39.  —  Make  1  quart  of  Glucose  4%  and 
Sodium  Bicarbonate  2%. 

40.  —  Make  1  ounce  of  glycerine 
Phenol. 


Per  cent 

Proportion 

i/io  of  1% 

(.001)     equals 

1-1000 

%  of  1% 

(.002) 

1-500 

%  of  1% 

(.005) 

1-200 

1% 

(.01) 

1-100 

2% 

(.02) 

1-50 

2y2% 

(.025)         " 

1-40 

3% 

(.03) 

1-33  (3-100) 

4% 

(.04) 

1-25 

5% 

(.05) 

1-20 

10% 

(.10) 

1-10 

20% 

(.20) 

1-5 

25% 

(.25) 

1-4 

50% 

(.50) 

1-2 

95%   1 

-LOO7^    "Pure  Drug"" 

1-1 

56  SOLUTIONS 

One  Level  Teaspoonful. ..  .Weighs 

Compound  Licorice  powder          30  gr. 

Milk  Sugar  48  " 

Boric  Acid  (Crystals)  50  " 

Boric  Acid  (Powder)  44  " 

Borax  52  " 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  55  " 

Magnesium  Sulphate  79  " 

Sodium  Chloride  90  " 

Cane  Sugar  66  " 

Bismuth  Subnitrate  50  " 

Powdered  Alum  (burnt)  44  " 

Sulphur  40  " 


ANSWERS  TO  PROBLEMS 


Lesson  I,  p.  13. 

12  3  3 

4.—         5.  — •        6.  —  plus    a    few    drops    of 
15  8  16 

6        9  15  10 

water.         7.  -or-.        8.  -  2  tablets.      9.  - 

15  8  16 

or  —  2  tablets.         10.    —  2  tablets.  11.  — 

18  15  ^  0 

3  tablets. 

Lesson  II,  p.  18. 

1.  384.         2.  4000.         3.  960.         4.  180.          5. 
600.         6.  45.         7.  192.         8.  64   ounces,   512 
drams,  2000  cubic  centimeters.       9.  450  grains  or 
11A  drams,  or  480  grains,  8  drams.         10.  250. 

Lesson  III,  p.  25. 

4.  637.5.  5.  7.2  gm.  6.  24  drams.  7. 
40  gm.,  600  grains,  10  drams.  8.  Use  12.5  c.c. 
of  creolin.  9.  10  gm.  10.  6.3  gm.  in  alcohol. 

Lesson  IV,  p.  29. 

4.  200  c.c.  5.  1  drop  plus  9  drops  water.  6. 
40  drops.  7.  Equal  parts.  8.  Equal  parts. 

Lesson  V,  p.  34. 

4.  16  drops.  5.  192  drops  or  12  c.c.  6.  62.5 
c.c.  7.  800  c.c.  8.  24  drops.  9.  12  c.c. 
10.  18.75  c.c.,  or  4.8  drams. 

57 


58  SOLUTIONS 

Lesson  VI,  p.  38. 
3.  .04,     .03  M,     .003  K,     .0625. 
Lesson  VII,  p.  42. 

3.  1     c.c.         4.  250     c.c.         5.  25    c.c.         6.  5 
drops.         7.  5     c.c.         8.  50     c.c.         9.  250     c.c. 
10.  40  c.c* 

Lesson  VIII,  p.  45. 

4.  20  drops.    5.  80  drops.    6.  40  drops. 
7.  15  drops.    8.  20  c.c. 

Lesson  IX,  p.  49. 

4.  1  drop  Tr.  plus  7  drops  water.  5.  1  drop 
solution  plus  1  drop  water.  6.  1  drop  plus  4  drops 
water;  give  1  drop. 

Lesson  X,  p.  51. 

1.  225  grains.  2.  .006.  3.  1  qt.  or  1000 
c.c.  4.  1.2  c.c.,  or  18  drops.  5.  75  drops. 
6.  .002.  7.  5  c.c.  8.  5  c.c.  9.  500  c.c. 
10.  4000  c.c.  11.  8000  c.c.  12.  30  gm.,  450 
grains,  7J^  drams.  13.  20  c.c.  14.  10,000 

c.c.     15.  1  tablet  — .         16.  Dissolve    two   tablets 
1  5 

in  20  drops  and  give  15  drops.         17.  2  tablets    — 

15 

18.  1200  c.c.  19.  90  gm.  20.  17+  c.c.  21. 
40  drops.  22.  5  tablets.  23.  50  c.c.  24. 
16  c.c.  25.  8  c.c.  26.  1  dram  25%  plus  9 
drams  water.  27.  100  c.  c.of  5%.  28.  2  drops 


SOLUTIONS  59 

equal  —    gr.        29.  4  drops  equal  —   gr.          30. 
150  5 

.002.        31.  .04.        32.  .005+.  33.    Take   50 

10 

c.c,  of  formalin.        34.  — .        35.  Give   15  drops. 
1  £ 

36.  .005.  37.  0.3  c.c.  or  4J^  drops  of  pure  car- 
bolic in  olive  oil.  38.  4.5  gm.  menthol  in  alcohol. 
39.  40  gm.  of  glucose  and  20  gm.  of  sodium  bicar- 
bonate in  1  quart  water.  40.  3  gm.  phenol  in  1 
ounce  glycerine. 


BIOLOGY  UBfUAT 


